Cool Drawings of Books Burning in a Bonfire

Do of destroying, ofttimes ceremoniously, books or other written material

Contemporary volume burning

Thousands of books smoulder in a huge bonfire as Germans give the Nazi salute during the wave of volume-burnings that spread throughout Frg.

Book burning is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, ordinarily carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of censorship and normally proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.^[1]

In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a astringent loss to cultural heritage. Examples include the burning of books and burial of scholars under China's Qin Dynasty (213–210 BCE), the obliteration of the Library of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of Aztec codices past Itzcoatl (1430s), the burning of Maya codices on the lodge of bishop Diego de Landa (1562), and the burning of Jaffna Public Library in Sri Lanka (1981).

In other cases, such as the Nazi book burnings, copies of the destroyed books survive, but the case of book burning becomes allegorical of a harsh and oppressive authorities which is seeking to conscience or silence some aspect of prevailing culture.

Book burning tin can be an act of antipathy for the book's contents or author, and the act is intended to draw wider public attention to this opinion.

Art destruction is related to volume burning, both because it might take similar cultural, religious, or political connotations, and considering in various historical cases, books and artworks were destroyed at the same time.

In mod times, other forms of media, such equally phonograph records, video tapes, and CDs accept also been burned, shredded, or crushed.

When the called-for is widespread and systematic, destruction of books and media tin become a significant component of cultural genocide.

Historical groundwork [edit]

The burning of books has a long history equally a tool that has been wielded by authorities both secular and religious, in their efforts to suppress dissenting or heretical views that are believed to pose a threat to the prevailing order.

7th century BCE [edit]

According to the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), in the 7th century BCE Male monarch Jehoiakim of Judah burned office of a curl that Baruch ben Neriah had written at prophet Jeremiah'southward dictation (Jeremiah 36).

Burning of books and burying of scholars in Mainland china (210–213 BCE) [edit]

In 213 BCE Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, ordered the Burning of books and burying of scholars and in 210 BCE he supposedly ordered the live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in order to stay on his throne. Though the burning of books is well established, the live burial of scholars has been disputed by mod historians who doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more a century later on in the Han Dynasty official Sima Qian's Records of the 1000 Historian. Some of these books were written in Shang Xiang, a superior school founded in 2208 BCE. The effect acquired the loss of many philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Treatises which advocated the official philosophy of the authorities ("legalism") survived.

Christian book burnings [edit]

In the New Testament's Acts of the Apostles, it is claimed that Paul performed an exorcism in Ephesus. Later men in Ephesus failed to perform the same feat many gave upwards their "curious arts" and burned the books because apparently, they did not work.

And many that believed, came and confessed and shewed their deeds. Many of them also which used curious arts, brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the cost of them, and found it fifty thou pieces of argent.^[two]

After the First Quango of Nicea (325 CE), Roman emperor Constantine the Great issued an edict against nontrinitarian Arians which included a prescription for systematic book-burning:

"In addition, if any writing composed past Arius should be constitute, it should exist handed over to the flames, so that not just will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nil will exist left fifty-fifty to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public guild, that if someone should exist discovered to accept hidden a writing equanimous by Arius, and non to have immediately brought it frontward and destroyed it past burn down, his penalty shall exist death. As shortly as he is discovered in this crime, he shall exist submitted for uppercase penalisation....."^[iii]

Co-ordinate to Elaine Pagels, "In AD 367, Athanasius, the zealous bishop of Alexandria... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded that Egyptian monks destroy all such unacceptable writings, except for those he specifically listed equally 'acceptable' fifty-fifty 'approved'—a list that constitutes the nowadays 'New Attestation'".^[4] (Pagels cites Athanasius'south Paschal alphabetic character (alphabetic character 39) for 367 CE, which prescribes a canon, but her citation "cleanse the church from every defilement" (page 177) does not explicitly appear in the Festal letter.^[5]) Heretical texts do non turn up as palimpsests, scraped make clean and overwritten, as do many texts of Classical artifact. According to writer Rebecca Knuth, multitudes of early Christian texts have been as thoroughly "destroyed" every bit if they had been publicly burnt.^[6]

In 1759 Pope Clement Thirteen decreed that all books of biologist Linnaeus to be burned.^{[7] [8]}

Burning of Nestorian books [edit]

Activity past Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376–444) brought burn to almost all the writings of Nestorius (386–450) shortly later on 435.^[ix] 'The writings of Nestorius were originally very numerous',^[10] withal, they were non part of the Nestorian or Oriental theological curriculum until the mid-sixth century, dissimilar those of his teacher Theodore of Mopsuestia, and those of Diodorus of Tarsus, even then they were not fundamental texts, so relatively few survive intact, cf. Baum, Wilhelm and Dietmar West. Winkler. 2003. The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: Routledge.

Burning of Arian books [edit]

According to the Chronicle of Fredegar, Recared, Male monarch of the Visigoths (reigned 586–601) and showtime Catholic king of Spain, following his conversion to Catholicism in 587, ordered that all Arian books should be collected and burned; and all the books of Arian theology were reduced to ashes, forth with the house in which they had been purposely collected.^{[eleven] [12]} Which facts demonstrate that Constantine's edict on Arian works was not rigorously observed, as Arian writings or the theology based on them survived to be burned much afterwards in Spain.

Burning of Jewish manuscripts in 1244 [edit]

In 1244, as an outcome of the Disputation of Paris, 20-four carriage loads of Talmuds and other Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire by French law officers in the streets of Paris.^{[13] [14]}

Burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts in the 1560s [edit]

During the Castilian colonization of the Americas, numerous books written past ethnic peoples were burned by the Spaniards. Several books^{[ quantify ]} written past the Aztecs were burnt by Castilian conquistadors and priests during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Despite opposition from Catholic friar Bartolomé de las Casas, numerous books constitute by the Spanish in Yucatán were burnt on the order of Bishop Diego de Landa in 1562. De Landa wrote on the incident that "Nosotros institute a big number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to exist seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which acquired them much affliction".^[xv]

Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England [edit]

The founding of the Church building of England after King Henry 8 broke away from the Cosmic Church building led to the targeting of English Catholics by Protestants. During the Tudor and Stuart periods, Protestant citizens loyal to the Crown attacked Catholic religious sites beyond England, frequently called-for any religious texts they found. These acts were encouraged by the Crown, who pressured the general public to take part in such "spectacles". According to American historian David Cressy, over "the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries volume called-for developed from a rare to an occasional occurrence, relocated from an outdoor to an indoor procedure, and changed from a bureaucratic to a quasi-theatrical functioning".^[16]

Burning of Washington during the War of 1812 [edit]

During the State of war of 1812, a British expeditionary forcefulness routed an American militia at Bladensburg. Shortly thereafter, the British marched into Washington, D.C., briefly capturing and occupying the city. In retaliation for the American destruction of Port Dover, the British ordered the devastation of several public buildings in the city, including the Library of Congress, erected merely fourteen years prior. The U.S. Capitol was as well burnt by the British, with books from the Library of Congress beingness used to burn the building. Both the library and the Capitol were rebuilt after the war.^[17]

Institutions defended to book burnings [edit]

Anthony Comstock'southward New York Guild for the Suppression of Vice, founded in 1873, inscribed book burning on its seal, equally a worthy goal to exist accomplished. Comstock's total accomplishment in a long and influential career is estimated to accept been the devastation of some fifteen tons of books, 284,000 pounds of plates for printing such "objectionable" books, and nigh four,000,000 pictures. All of this textile was defined as "lewd" past Comstock's very wide definition of the term – which he and his associates successfully lobbied the United States Congress to incorporate in the Comstock Police force.^[eighteen]

Nazi government (1933) [edit]

The Nazi government decreed broad grounds for burning fabric "which acts subversively on [Nazi Germany's] future or strikes at the root of High german thought, the German language home and the driving forces of [High german] people".^[19]

Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries [edit]

[edit]

In 1588, the exiled English Catholic William Cardinal Allen wrote "An Admonition to the Dignity and People of England", a work sharply attacking Queen Elizabeth I. It was to exist published in Spanish-occupied England in the event of the Spanish Armada succeeding in its invasion. Upon the defeat of the Armada, Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is merely known of through one of Elizabeth'southward spies, who had stolen a copy.^[20]

The Hassidic Rabbi Nachman of Breslov is reported to have written a book which he himself burned in 1808. To this twenty-four hours, his followers mourn "The Burned Book" and seek in their Rabbi's surviving writings for clues equally to what the lost volume contained and why information technology was destroyed.^[21]

Carlo Goldoni is known to have burned his starting time play, a tragedy chosen Amalasunta, when encountering unfavorable criticism.

Nikolai Gogol burned the second half of his magnum opus Dead Souls, having come under the influence of a priest who persuaded him that his work was sinful; Gogol later on described this as a mistake.

As noted in Claire Tomalin's intensively researched "The Invisible Woman", Charles Dickens is known to have made a large blaze of his letters and private papers, besides as request friends and acquaintances to either return messages which he wrote to them or themselves destroy the messages – and most complied with his request. Dickens' purpose was to destroy evidence of his matter with the actress Nelly Ternan. To judge from surviving Dickens messages, the destroyed material – even if not intended for publication – might have had considerable literary merit.

In the 1870s Tchaikovsky destroyed the full manuscript of his showtime opera, The Voyevoda. Decades later on, during the Soviet menses, The Voyevoda was posthumously reconstructed from surviving orchestral and vocal parts and the composer'south sketches.

Martin Gardner, a well-known expert on the work of Lewis Carroll, believes that Carroll had written a earlier version of Alice in Wonderland which he after destroyed after writing a more elaborate version which he presented to the kid Alice who inspired the book.^[22]

Alberto Santos-Dumont, after existence considered a spy by the French government in 1914 and so having this deception excused by the constabulary, he destroyed all his aeronautical documents.^[23] The post-obit year, according to the afterword to the historical novel "De gevleugelde," Arthur Japin says that when Dumont returned to Brazil, he "burned all his diaries, letters and drawings."^[24]

After Hector Hugh Munro (meliorate known by the pen name Saki) was killed in World State of war I in November 1916, his sister Ethel destroyed almost of his papers.

Joe Shuster, who together with Jerry Siegel created the fictional superhero Superman, in 1938 burned the first Superman story when under the impression that information technology would non discover a publisher.

In August 1963, when C.S. Lewis resigned from Magdalene College, Cambridge and his rooms there were being cleaned out, Lewis gave instructions to Douglas Gresham to destroy all his unfinished or incomplete fragments of manuscript - which scholars researching Lewis' work regard as a grievous loss.^[25]

There is substantial evidence that Finnish composer Jean Sibelius worked on an Eighth Symphony. He promised the premiere of this symphony to Serge Koussevitzky in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under Basil Cameron was even advertised to the public. However, no such symphony was always performed, and the only concrete bear witness of the symphony's beingness on paper is a 1933 pecker for a off-white copy of the beginning move and short draft fragments first published and played in 2011.^{[26] [27] [28] [29]} Sibelius had e'er been quite self-critical; he remarked to his shut friends, "If I cannot write a amend symphony than my 7th, then information technology shall be my concluding." Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it probable that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned a keen many papers to the flames.^[30]

Aino, Sibelius' wife, recalled that "In the 1940s there was a great auto da fé at Ainola [where the Sibelius couple lived]. My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open burn down in the dining room. Parts of the Karelia Suite were destroyed – I later on saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things. I did non have the strength to exist present and left the room. I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire. Just afterwards this my married man became calmer and gradually lighter in mood." It is assumed that a draft of Sibelius' Eighth Symphony - which he worked on in the early on 1930s but with which he was not satisfied - was among the papers destroyed.^[31]

Axel Jensen made his debut as a novelist in Oslo in 1955 with the novel Dyretemmerens kors, but he later burned the remaining unsold copies of the book.

In 1976 detractors of Venezuelan liberal writer Carlos Rangel publicly burned copies of his book From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary in the year of its publication at the Central Academy of Venezuela.^{[32] [33]}

Books saved from burning [edit]

In Catholic hagiography, Saint Vincent of Saragossa is mentioned every bit having been offered his life on condition that he consign Scripture to the fire; he refused and was martyred. He is often depicted holding the book which he protected with his life.

Some other book-saving Catholic Saint is the 10th-century Saint Wiborada. She is credited with having predicted in 925 an invasion past the and so-heathen Hungarians of her region in Switzerland. Her warning allowed the priests and religious of St. Gall and St. Magnus to hide their books and vino and escape into caves in nearby hills.^[34] Wiborada herself refused to escape and was killed by the marauders, being afterwards canonized. In art, she is commonly represented holding a book to signify the library she saved, and is considered a patron saint of libraries and librarians.

During a bout of Thuringia in 1525, Martin Luther became enraged at the widespread burning of libraries along with other buildings during the High german Peasants' State of war, writing Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants in response.^[35]

During the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire the Majestic Courtroom Library (now Austrian National Library) was in farthermost danger, when the battery of Vienna caused the called-for of the Hofburg, in which the Royal Library was located. Fortunately, the fire was halted in time - saving countless irreplaceable books, diligently nerveless by many generations of Habsburg emperors and the scholars in their apply.

At the beginning of the Battle of Monte Cassino in World State of war 2, ii High german officers – Viennese-born Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Captain Maximilian Becker (a Protestant) – had the foresight to transfer the Monte Cassino archives to the Vatican. Otherwise the archives – containing a vast number of documents relating to the 1500-years' history of the Abbey equally well as some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript codices, chiefly patristic and historical – would have been destroyed in the Allied air bombing which almost completely destroyed the Abbey presently afterwards. Also saved by the ii officers' prompt action were the collections of the Keats-Shelley Memorial House in Rome, which had been sent to the Abbey for safety in December 1942.

The Sarajevo Haggadah – i of the oldest and almost valuable Jewish illustrated manuscripts, with immense historical and cultural value – was hidden from the Nazis and their Ustaše collaborators by Derviš Korkut, chief librarian of the National Museum in Sarajevo. At risk to his own life, Korkut smuggled the Haggadah out of Sarajevo and gave information technology for safekeeping to a Muslim cleric in Zenica, where it was hidden until the stop of the war under the floorboards of either a mosque or a Muslim home. The Haggadah again survived destruction during the wars which followed the breakdown of Yugoslavia.^[36]

In 1940s French republic, a group of anti-fascist exiles created a Library of Burned Books which housed all the books that Adolf Hitler had destroyed. This library contained copies of titles that were burned by the Nazis in their campaign to cleanse German language culture of Jewish and strange influences such equally pacifist and decadent literature. The Nazis themselves planned to make a "museum" of Judaism once the Final Solution was complete to house certain books that they had saved.^[37]

Posthumous devastation of works [edit]

When Virgil died, he left instructions that his manuscript of the Aeneid was to exist burnt, every bit it was a draft version with uncorrected faults and not a terminal version for release. However, this instruction was ignored. It is mainly to the Aeneid, published in this "imperfect" form, that Virgil owes his lasting fame – and it is considered ane of the bully masterpieces of classical literature as a whole.

Earlier his death, Franz Kafka wrote to his friend and literary executor Max Brod: "Beloved Max, my last request: Everything I leave backside me... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and and so on, [is] to be burned unread."^[38] Brod overrode Kafka's wishes, believing that Kafka had given these directions to him, specifically, because Kafka knew he would not honour them – Brod had told him equally much. Had Brod carried out Kafka's instructions, virtually the whole of Kafka'due south work – except for a few brusk stories published in his lifetime – would have been lost forever. Nigh critics, at the time and upward to the present, justify Brod's decision.^{[ citation needed ]} In his forward to Kafka's The Castle Brod noted that when entering Kafka'due south apartment after his death, he establish several big empty folders and traces of burnt paper - the manuscripts which were in these folders having evidently been destroyed past Kafka himself earlier his death. Brod expressed hurting at the irreversible loss of this material and happiness at having saved and then much of Kafka's work from its creator's ruthlessness.

A similar case concerns the noted American poet Emily Dickinson, who died in 1886 and left to her sister Lavinia the educational activity of burning all her papers. Lavinia Dickinson did burn almost all of her sister'south correspondences, but interpreted the volition every bit not including the xl notebooks and loose sheets, all filled with nearly 1800 poems; these Lavinia saved and began to publish the poems that year. Had Lavinia Dickinson been more strict in carrying out her sister'southward will, all only a small handful of Emily Dickinson'southward poetic work would have been lost.^{[39] [forty]}

In early 1964, several months after the death of C.S. Lewis, Lewis' literary executor Walter Hooper, rescued a 64-folio manuscript from a bonfire of the author's writings - the burning carried out according to Lewis' will. In 1977, Hooper published it under the name The Nighttime Tower. It was manifestly intended as part of Lewis' Infinite Trilogy. Though incomplete and evidently an early draft which Lewis abandoned, its publication angry corking interest and a continued discussion amidst Lewis fans and scholars researching his piece of work.

Modern biblioclasm [edit]

Despite the fact that the act of destroying books is condemned by the majority of the globe's societies, book burning notwithstanding occurs on a small or large calibration. In the People's republic of china, library officials publicize the burning of books that have fallen out of favor with the Communist Party of Prc'due south elites.^[41]

In Azerbaijan, when a modified Latin alphabet was adopted, books which were published in the Standard arabic script were burned, specially those published in the late 1920s and 1930s.^[42] The texts were non limited to the Quran; medical and historical manuscripts were likewise destroyed.^[43]

Copies of books which were burned by the Nazis, on display at Yad Vashem

Book burnings were regularly organised in Nazi Germany in the 1930s by stormtroopers so that "degenerate" works could be destroyed, peculiarly works written by Jewish authors such as Thomas Mann, Marcel Proust, and Karl Marx. One of the virtually infamous volume burnings in the 20th century occurred in Frankfurt, Germany on May 10, 1933. Organized by Joseph Goebbels, books were burned in a celebratory fashion, complete with bands, marchers, and songs. Seeking to "cleanse" German culture of the "un-German language" spirit, Goebbels compelled students (who were egged on by their professors) to perform the book burning. To some this could be easily dismissed every bit the childish deportment of the youth, only to many in Europe and America, information technology was a horrific display of ability and disrespect.^[44] During the denazification which followed the war, literature which had been confiscated by the Allies was reduced to pulp rather than burned.

In 1937, during Getúlio Vargas' dictatorship in Brazil, several books by authors such as Jorge Amado and José Lins exercise Rego were burned in an anti-communist act.^[45]

In 1942, local Cosmic priests forced Irish storyteller Timothy Buckley to burn a volume The Tailor and Ansty by Eric Cantankerous near Buckley and his wife, because of its sexual frankness.^[46]

In the 1950s, over 6 tons of books by William Reich were burned in the U.S. in compliance with judicial orders.^[47] In 1954, the works of Mordecai Kaplan were burned by Orthodox Jewish rabbis in America, after Kaplan was excommunicated.^[48]

In Denmark, a comic book burning took place on 23 June 1955. It was a bonfire which consisted of comic books topped by a life-size cardboard cutout of The Phantom.^[49]

During the Military dictatorship in Brazil, several methods of censure were used, among them, torture and the called-for of books by firemen.^[50]

In 1981, the Jaffna Public Library in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, was burned down past Sinhalese police and paramilitaries during a pogrom confronting the minority Tamil population. At the time of its called-for, information technology contained well-nigh 100,000 Tamil books and rare documents.^[51]

Kjell Ludvik Kvavik, a senior Norwegian official, had a penchant for removing maps and other pages from rare books and he was noticed in January 1983 by a young college student. The student, Barbro Andenaes, reported the actions of the senior official to the superintendent of the reading room and and then reported them to the head librarian of the university library in Oslo. Hesitant to make the accusation against Kvavik public considering it would greatly harm his career, even if information technology was proven to be false, the media did not divulge his name until his house was searched by police. The authorities seized 470 maps and prints besides as 112 books that Kvavik had illegally obtained. While this may not have been the big calibration, violent demonstration which usually occurs during wars, Kvavik's condone for libraries and books shows that the devastation of books on any scale can bear on an entire country. Hither, a senior official in the Norwegian authorities was disgraced and the University Library was simply refunded for a pocket-sized portion of the costs which it had incurred from the loss and destruction of rare materials and the security changes that had to exist made as a issue of it. In this case, the lure of personal profit and the desire to enhance one's own collection were the causes of the defacement of rare books and maps. While the master goal was not destruction for destruction'due south sake, the resulting damage to the ephemera still carries weight inside the library community.^[52]

In 1984, Amsterdam'southward S African Institute was infiltrated past an organized group which was bent on drawing attention to the inequality of apartheid. Well-organized and assuring patrons of the library that no damage would come up to them, group members systematically smashed microfiche machines and threw books into the nearby waterway. Indiscriminate with regard to the content which was being destroyed, shelf after shelf was cleared of its contents until the grouping left. Staff members fished books from the water in hopes of salvaging the rare editions of travel books, documents about the Boer Wars, and contemporary materials which were both for and against apartheid. Many of these materials were destroyed by oil, ink, and paint that the anti-apartheid demonstrators had flung around the library. The globe was outraged by the loss of knowledge that these demonstrators had caused, and instead of supporting their crusade and drawing people'due south attending to the issue of apartheid, the international customs denounced their actions at Amsterdam'southward South African Plant. Some of the demonstrators came forrard and sought to justify their actions past accusing the institute of beingness pro-apartheid and claiming that nothing was beingness done to modify the status quo in S Africa.^[53]

The advent of the digital age has resulted in the cataloguing of an immense collection of written works, exclusively or primarily in digital form. The intentional deletion or removal of these works has ofttimes been referred to as a new form of book burning.^[54] For case, Amazon, the earth'due south largest online market, has increasingly banned the sale of controversial books. An article in the New York Times reported that "Booksellers that sell on Amazon say the retailer has no coherent philosophy about what it decides to prohibit, and seems largely guided by public complaints.".^[55]

Some supporters have historic volume-called-for cases in art and other media. Such is the instance with The Called-for of Heretical Books over a side door on the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, the bas-relief past Giovanni Battista Maini, which depicts the burning of "heretical" books equally a triumph of righteousness.^[56]

During the years of the Chilean armed services dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990), hundreds of books were burned as a style of repression and censorship of left-wing literature.^{[57] [58]} In some instances, even books on Cubism were burned because soldiers thought it had to practice with the Cuban Revolution.^{[59] [60]}

A biblioclastic incident occurred in Mullumbimby, New Southward Wales, Australia in 2009. Reported as "just like the ritual burning of books in Nazi Frg", a book-called-for ceremony was held by students of the "socially harmful cult" Universal Medicine, an esoteric healing business organization which was owned past Serge Benhayon.^[61] Students were invited to throw their books onto the pyre. Most of the volumes were on Chinese medicine, kinesiology, acupuncture, homeopathy and other alternative healing modalities, all of which Benhayon has decreed evil or "prana".^[62]

After the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'etat, the Turkish regime burned 301,878 books accounted related to the coup or its alleged leader, Fethullah Gülen, including 18 textbooks with the discussion "Pennsylvania" in them. Photos of books being burned became a viral sensation on the net once they were taken by a website named Kronos27.^{[63] [64] [65]}

In 2019, the French-language Providence Catholic Schoolhouse Lath in southwestern Ontario held a 'flame purification' ceremony and burned around thirty recently banned children'southward books. The ashes were used equally fertilizer to found trees and according to the participants the activity was 'to plow a negative to a positive'. The books included Tintin and Asterix and were deemed harmful to Indigenous people.^[66]

Sikh book burning [edit]

In the Sikh religion, any copies of their sacred book, Guru Granth Sahib, which are too badly damaged to be used, and whatsoever printer'southward waste which bears any of its text, are cremated. This ritual is called an Agan Bhet, and it is similar to the ritual which is performed when a deceased Sikh is cremated.^{[67] [68] [69] [seventy]}

Volume burnings in popular culture [edit]

1741 woodcut illustrating the exam and burning of Don Quixote's library.

• In chapters 6 and vii of the first office of Don Quixote (1605),^[71] his friends examine his library, total with chivalry romances and other books, and determine to burn most of them and seal the room. The comments of the priest allow writer Cervantes to praise or condemn the books.^{[72] [73]}
• In his 1821 play, Almansor, the German author Heinrich Heine – referring to the burning of the Muslim holy volume, the Qur'an, during the Spanish Inquisition – wrote, "Where they burn books, so besides will they in the finish burn people." ("Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen.") Over a century afterwards, Heine's own books were amidst the thousands of volumes that were torched by the Nazis in Berlin's Opernplatz, even while his poem "Die Lorelei" connected to be printed in High german schoolbooks as "by an unknown author".^[74]
• Book called-for played a pocket-sized function in Jules Verne's 1864 Journeying to the Middle of the Earth. After Professor Lidenbrock deciphers a writing of Arne Saknussem and attempts to recreate his purported subterranean journey, his nephew Axel protests that they should study more of his works before making any rash decisions. Professor Lidenbrock explains that this is impossible: Saknussem was out of favor in his native country, whose leaders ordered all of his writings burned after his death.
• In Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451, about a civilisation which has outlawed books due to its disdain for learning, books are burned along with the houses they are hidden in.^[72]

See also [edit]

• Banned books
• Library fires
• List of book-burning incidents
• Maya codices
• Bonfire of the vanities
• Bibliophobia

Farther reading [edit]

• Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN9781134430192.
• Civallero, Edgardo. When Memory Turns into Ashes... Memoricide During the XX Century Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. DOI.
• Knuth, Rebecca (2006). Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist violence and Cultural Destruction. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
• Knuth, Rebecca. Libricide : the government-sponsored destruction of books and libraries in the twentieth century. ISBN 0-275-98088-X
• Ovenden, Richard Called-for the Books. London: John Murray^[75]
• Polastron, Lucien X. 2007. Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries throughout History. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.
• The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project – A phone call for Bosnian manuscripts ingathering
• Polastron, Lucien X. (2007) Libros en Llamas: historia de la interminable destrucción de bibliotecas. Libraria, ISBN 968-xvi-8398-6.[ane]
• Polastron, Lucien Ten. Books on fire: the destruction of libraries throughout history. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5
• Raven, James. (2004). Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Nifty Book Collections Since Artifact. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
• UNESCO. Lost Memory – Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century
• Books on Fire: The Devastation of Libraries Throughout History. Lucien Xavier Polastron. Translated by John Eastward Graham. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-v. ISBN one-59477-167-7.
• Kilpeläinen, Kari (1995). "Sibelius Eight. What happened to it?". Finnish Music Quarterly (4). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 Nov 2015.
• Sirén, Vesa (Oct 2011a). "Is this the sound of Sibelius' lost Eighth Symphony?". Helsingin Sanomat.
• Sirén, Vesa (30 October 2011b). "Soiko HS.fi:n videolla Sibeliuksen kadonnut sinfonia?". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
• Stearns, David Patrick (3 Jan 2012). "One final Sibelius symphony after all?". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved xi January 2015.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Holocaust Encyclopedia: Book Burning".
2. ^ Acts xix:xviii–xx
3. ^ Edict by Emperor Constantine against the Arians. Athanasius (23 January 2010). "Edict past Emperor Constantine against the Arians". 4th Century Christianity. Wisconsin Lutheran College. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
4. ^ Elaine Pagels, Across Conventionalities: The Undercover Gospel of Thomas (Random House, 2003), folio 176-177
5. ^ "NPNF2-04. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters". Ccel.org. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
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External links [edit]

• "On Volume Burnings and Book Burners: Reflections on the Ability (and Powerlessness) of Ideas" past Hans J. Hillerbrand
• "Burning books" by Haig A. Bosmajian
• "Bannings and burnings in history" – Book and Periodical Council (Canada)
• "The books have been burning: timeline" by Daniel Schwartz, CBC News. Updated ten September 2010

backbanstal.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_burning

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